Meaning and definition of the health education method, media

Meaning and definition of the health education method, media                      

HEALTH is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.—WHO[1948], now include spiritual.

Health  is that  quality of physical emotional and mental well-being that enables one to live effectively—C.L. Anderson

Health  is total fitness which is achieved with successful adaptation to the continuously  changing environment .--Dubos

Health is optimal personal fitness for full fruitful and creative living. –Hoymon[1975]

The condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit, especially freedom from physical disease or pain.---Webster

Health is the quality of life that enables the individual to live most and serve best----J.F.Willians

                    Definition  of  Education

Education is the process of providing instruction or training or sharing of experience. Education is the

System of training and instruction to learners designed to give knowledge and development skills---A.S. Hornby’s dictionary

                         Health Education

“Health education is a process of growth in an individual  by means of what he alters his behavior  or change his attitude  towards health practice as a result of new experiences he has had.”—D.B.Naswonder

''Health education is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates the environmental changes as needed to facilitate his goal and conducts professional training and research to the same ends''---Conference on preventive medicine U.S.A.

'' Health education is a process through which people are helped to learn to achieve health through their own action and efforts''-----WHO expert committee on health education.

In conclusion, we can say health education is a continuous process of bringing favorable changes in health knowledge, attitude, and practices of an individual, family, and community for the betterment of their health by their own actions and efforts.

Note---KNOWLEDGE is the understanding of facts and processes which is acquired through experiences. ''The acquisition of information to be made use of or at least keep recorded in the brain is known as KNOWLEDGE.

Attitude--The combination of knowing about a thing and forming a tendency to react is the attitude of a person. It is a readiness to react, ready and mentally prepared to act something.

                          Aim of health education

--To make people help for achieving positive health through their own actions and efforts.

                  Objectives/Purpose of health education

a. To help people realize that health is an individual, family, and community asset.

b. To help people acquire health knowledge and information, and develop positive attitudes and skills, which enable them to protect themselves from diseases and improve their health.

c. To help people identify their health problems  and encourage them to solve these problems through their own actions and their efforts

d. To make the people utilize the available health facilities and services

                  Factors influencing health

1. Physical and Environmental Factors

a. Geographical condition of a community

b. The density of population

c. Managenent of transportation

c. Condition of environmental sanitation of the community

d. Safety measures in house and working places

e. Management and achievement of community health devices

2. Socio-Economic and cultural factors

a. Shape and size of family

b. Income of the family

c. Teaching the health subject at school

d. Current tradition and customs of the community belief or health superstition, religious customs

e. Behavior and habit related to health e.g.-way of living, use of nutritious food, way of cleaning

3. Biological factor

a. Heredity

b. Resistance to diseases

c. Condition of physical construction and physical activities

d. Lifestyle

                      SCOPE of health Education

*HOME

*SCHOOL

*COMMUNITY

*HEALTH   INSTITUTIONS[HPs,PHCs,HOSPITALs]

*FACTORIES

* Primary Health Care—ORC

                     PRINCIPLE of Health Education

*Credibility         

*Interest             

*Participation

*Motivation       

*Comprehensiveness

*Reinforcement               

*Learning by doing

*Known to unknown     

*Setting an example

*Public  relation                

*Feedback

*Multi-Disciplinary          

*Research and Development

*Soil, seed, and sewer[people are soil, health facts are seed, transmitting media is sewer]

                 Responsible person for Health Education

# Community health workers---ANM/AHW/VHW/MCHW

#Community Health Volunteers-----FCHVs/Mother’s Groups

#Health Education Teachers

#Nurses--------S.N./Hospital Nurse

#Health education specialists

#Medical Doctor

#Health paramedics---H.A.

#Pharmacists and assistant  pharmacists

#Leaders

#Traditional healers

                       Learning process

Learning is a developmental process through which behavior is changed by training and experiences. It involves the process of gaining knowledge, skills, and changing behavior

                        Factors Affecting Learning Process

a. Biological factors----age,hunger,thirst,deafness,congenital defects,deafness

b. Socio-Cultural and economic factors---poverty,tradition,superstition,tobacco,norms,beliefs

c. Psychological Factors------stress,tension,excitement

d. Environmental Factor—ventilation,lighting,location,space,sitting management

                       Steps of the Learning process

a. Feel the needs

b. Determine the objectives

c. Readiness to learn

d. Necessary action to learn

                       Ways of learning

a. Learning by Hearing

b. Learning by Seeing

c. Learning by Doing

d. Learning by Repetition

e. Learning by Imitation

                  CHANGE  PROCESS/ADOPTION PROCESS

The change process is a cognitive process through which an individual passes from hearing, seeing, and accepting the innovation to bring change in his/her behavior.

                WAYS OF BRINGING CHANGE

a. Change by Compliance or force(unwilling change)

b. Change by Identification

c. Change by internalization

             RESISTANCE TO CHANGE 

---Unwilling to adopt the new thing

---Difficulty to change the old behaviors

---Dependency

---Selfishness

---Lack of confidence

---Insecure feeling from new behavior

---Deeply rooted tradition and customs

---Groups

---Feeling  of hesitation about newly adopted behaviors

---Non –Participatory change

---Trend of rejection of external agent's advocacy

                WAYS of overcoming the resistance to change

a. Complete knowledge should be provided about the expected behavior.

b. Participation /involvement of the community people and mobilization of local resources.

c. Providing the people with alternatives.

d. Based on people with alternatives.

e. Familiarity  of the community  people  with the external agents is a must to gain confidence(credibility)

f. Respecting the community culture

g. Close proximity with the people/community.

                   MOTIVATION

**Motivation is the act of stimulating one or oneself to get a desired course of action.—Michel  J. Julius.

**Motivation is  the combination of forces that initially direct and sustains behavior towards a goal.---D.B. Lindsay

                  TYPES OF MOTIVATION

a. Intrinsic motivation—The individuals move to do a certain action with their own initiatives

--This is based on conscience, knowledge, and education.

b. Extrinsic motivation----This is based on the external influence that is motivation by an outside drive

----The influence may be economic incentives, threats, force, and coercion.

                     PRINCIPLE  OF  MOTIVATION

1. Rosenstock’s principle-:

---Perceived susceptibility

---Perceived severity

---Awareness of possible solution

2. Kurt Lewin’s principles:-It is also called the Force Field Theory of motivation.

a. Positive force/driving force—eg  Economic progress, support, sympathy, treatment, education

b. Negative force/Restraining force—eg  Ignorance, poverty, unfavorable attitude.

3. Buchman’s principle:-

a. Personel need

b. Personel skill and environment

c. Interest

d. Perception

e. Personel view/opinion

4. Maslow’s need theory of motivation:-

a. Physical /physiological needs—eg food, air, water, shelter, sleep, sex.

b. Safety needs—eg stability, security.

c. Social needs---Love/affection, friendship, belongingness to the group

d. Ego or self-esteem needs---eg respect, prestige/status, freedom, recognition.

e. Self –actualization /self-realization needs---eg development of spiritual personality, personal  prosperity, accomplishment by doing outstanding work

                   Method of Health Education

Criteria for selecting the method

*Possibility          *Nature of Audience                     

*Approach

*Reliability          *objective &interest

                  Classification of methods

1. Individual  Methods:-Interview, Counselling

--In this method, person-to-person or face-to-face communication occurs.

--It provides maximum opportunities for two-way flows of ideas, knowledge, and information.

                  GATHER APPROACH/METHOD

G—Greet the clients

A—Ask about his/her problems

T—Tell  the clients about detailed information

H-Help clients  to make decisions

E—Explain any misunderstandings

R—Return to follow up

2. Group Methods:-

a. Demonstration       b. Group discussion

c. Focus  Group  Discussion(FGD)        

d. Panel  Discussion

e. Symposium                    

f. Brainstorming/Creative ideation

g. Role play/socio drama                                

h. Field trip/Study tour/educational trip

i. Workshop/seminar                      

j. Seminar

k. Mini lecture(mini classroom instruction)

l. Buzz section

m. Puppet show

n. Problem-solving

3. Mass method:-

*Lecture     *Exhibition

*Campaign  *Advertisement

                 Media of Health Education

Classification of media/Audio-visual aids

1. Audio Aids:-

*Radio

*Tape-Recorder

*Gramophone

*Phone

*Micro-Phone

*Cassette player

*Public Address System

2. Visual Aids:-

    Projected Media/aids

*Over Head Projector(OHP)

*Slide projector

*Slides/Microscopic slides/35mm slides

*Film Strips

Non-projected aids

*Blackboard, Chalk

*Flannel graph/Graphs and charts

*Bulletin Board(60cm *40 cm)

*Display Board, flip chart

*Posters, Pamphlets, wall chart, flashcards

*Model, Flashcard, Photographs, a real object,

Note—Visual aids are 2-dimensional having only length and breadth, i.e. Photographs, Posters.

--Some visual aids are 3-dimensional having length, breadth, and thickness eg. Models, and real objects.

3. Audio-Visual aids:-

*Motion picture/Movie

*Television

*Dramatization

*Videotape

*Multimedia

Tags—definition of health*definition of health education*aim, objectives, scope, the principle of health education*Factors influencing health*motivation*learning process*change process*classification of methods, media* for HA.ANM.BPH.STAFF NURSE.HEALTH exam .health entrance in Nepal,India,other country  for different setting

 

CONCLUSION—I hope the above information will play a vital role for all health students.

                                Please comment to me at sarojnepal2059@gmail.com